文章分析与翻译
第一部分:文章主旨、段落主旨及作者写作思想
文章主旨
文章围绕英国国家医疗服务体系(NHS)与DeepMind公司之间的数据共享协议展开讨论,探讨了人工智能(AI)在医疗领域的应用潜力以及随之而来的隐私和数据垄断问题。文章指出,尽管协议双方意图良好,但协议忽视了患者隐私权,且数据处理和聚合的价值远超数据本身的所有权。作者呼吁关注数据分析的归属问题,警惕技术巨头垄断公共资源,并强调隐私法在应对这一问题时的局限性,倡导更严格的监管以避免“数字封建主义”。
段落主旨
- 段落1:介绍NHS与DeepMind的合作背景,强调双方良好意图及AI在医疗领域的潜力,同时指出信息专员Elizabeth Denham对协议的批评,聚焦患者隐私权的忽视。
- 段落2:讨论NHS和DeepMind对批评的回应,指出隐私并非唯一问题,强调数据处理和聚合的价值,批评现有法律对“控制”和“处理”数据的区分未能抓住核心问题。
- 段落3:提出数据价值来源于大规模比较,而非个体信息,隐私法难以有效应对监控经济的运作模式。
- 段落4:进一步分析隐私法在限制技术巨头时的局限性,指出真正的问题是技术巨头利用公共资源开发私有算法,可能导致数据垄断,呼吁通过长期斗争避免“数字封建主义”。
作者写作思想
作者对AI在医疗领域的应用持谨慎乐观态度,认可其潜力(如拯救生命),但对技术巨头可能垄断数据和算法表示担忧。作者批评现有隐私法的局限性,认为其无法有效应对数据经济中的新挑战,呼吁更严格的监管和政策以保护公共利益,防止技术巨头滥用公共资源。
第二部分:逐句翻译与重点分析
段落1
- Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain’s National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well.
- 翻译:对英国国家医疗服务体系(NHS)与DeepMind协议危险性的任何公正评估,都必须首先承认双方意图是好的。
- 重点单词/短语:
- fair-minded: 公正的
- assessment: 评估
- deal: 协议
- mean well: 意图良好
- 语法:must start by acknowledging 表示“必须以……开始”,by + 动名词结构表示方式;that引导宾语从句。
- DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world.
- 翻译:DeepMind是世界上领先的人工智能(AI)公司之一。
- 重点单词/短语:
- leading: 领先的
- artificial intelligence (AI): 人工智能
- 语法:one of + 名词复数,表示“……之一”。
- The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.
- 翻译:这项工作应用于医疗领域的潜力非常大,但也可能导致技术巨头权力的进一步集中。
- 重点单词/短语:
- potential: 潜力
- applied to: 应用于
- concentration: 集中
- tech giants: 技术巨头
- 语法:but连接两个并列分句,表示转折;could表示可能性。
- It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy.
- 翻译:正是在这一背景下,信息专员Elizabeth Denham对NHS下属的皇家免费医院信托机构发布了严厉的裁决,指责其在2015年基于一份模糊的协议将160万患者的记录移交给了DeepMind,这份协议远远没有充分考虑患者的权利和对隐私的期望。
- 重点单词/短语:
- against that background: 在这一背景下
- information commissioner: 信息专员
- damning verdict: 严厉裁决
- hand over: 移交
- on the basis of: 基于
- vague: 模糊的
- take account of: 考虑
- expectations of privacy: 隐私期望
- 语法:It is…that…强调句型;which引导的定语从句修饰trust和agreement;far too little表示“远远不足”。
段落2
- DeepMind has almost apologized.
- 翻译:DeepMind几乎已经道歉。
- 重点单词/短语:
- almost: 几乎
- apologize: 道歉
- 语法:现在完成时has apologized表示动作已发生。
- The NHS trust has mended its ways.
- 翻译:NHS信托机构已经改正其做法。
- 重点单词/短语:
- mend one’s ways: 改正做法
- 语法:现在完成时has mended表示已完成的行为。
- Further arrangements – and there may many – between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinized to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.
- 翻译:NHS与DeepMind之间的进一步安排——可能会有很多——将受到仔细审查,以确保已向患者请求所有必要的许可,并清理所有不必要的数据。
- 重点单词/短语:
- arrangements: 安排
- scrutinized: 仔细审查
- ensure: 确保
- permissions: 许可
- cleaned: 清理
- 语法:插入语and there may be many;to ensure that…表示目的状语;have been asked和has been cleaned为现在完成时的被动语态。
- There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn.
- 翻译:关于患者知情同意还有很多经验教训需要学习。
- 重点单词/短语:
- informed consent: 知情同意
- lessons to learn: 需要学习的经验教训
- 语法:There be句型;to learn作后置定语修饰lessons。
- But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.
- 翻译:但隐私并非此案的唯一视角,甚至不是最重要的。
- 重点单词/短语:
- angle: 视角
- not even: 甚至不是
- 语法:not the only…and not even表示递进否定。
- Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it.
- 翻译:Denham女士选择将责任集中在NHS信托机构上,因为根据现行法律,信托机构“控制”了数据,而DeepMind仅仅是“处理”数据。
- 重点单词/短语:
- concentrate the blame on: 将责任集中在
- existing law: 现行法律
- control: 控制
- merely: 仅仅
- process: 处理
- 语法:since引导原因状语从句;引号表示强调特定术语。
- But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.
- 翻译:但这一区分忽视了一个要点,即数据的价值来源于处理和聚合,而非仅仅拥有数据片段。
- 重点单词/短语:
- distinction: 区分
- miss the point: 忽视要点
- aggregation: 聚合
- mere possession: 仅仅拥有
- give value: 赋予价值
- 语法:that引导同位语从句解释point;it is…that…强调句型。
段落3
- The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate.
- 翻译:一个重大问题是,我们生活中产生的所有数据的分析应该惠及谁。
- 重点单词/短语:
- benefit from: 从……中受益
- analysis: 分析
- generate: 产生
- 语法:who引导表语从句;that引导定语从句修饰data。
- Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them.
- 翻译:隐私法建立在个人因可识别信息受损的概念之上。
- 重点单词/短语:
- build on: 建立在……之上
- concept: 概念
- identifiable: 可识别的
- knowledge: 信息
- 语法:介词短语from identifiable knowledge about them作定语。
- That misses the way the surveillance economy works.
- 翻译:这忽视了监控经济运作的方式。
- 重点单词/短语:
- surveillance economy: 监控经济
- 语法:That指代前句内容;the way作misses的宾语,后接定语从句。
- The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.
- 翻译:个体数据的价值只有在与无数其他数据的比较中才会显现。
- 重点单词/短语:
- gain value: 获得价值
- countless: 无数的
- 语法:only when引导时间状语从句;there为地点副词,指代surveillance economy。
段落4
- The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted.
- 翻译:在这种情况下使用隐私法来限制技术巨头感觉有些不合适。
- 重点单词/短语:
- curb: 限制
- maladapted: 不合适的
- 语法:动名词短语The use of…作主语;in this instance作状语。
- This practice does not address the real worry.
- 翻译:这种做法并未解决真正的担忧。
- 重点单词/短语:
- address: 解决
- real worry: 真正担忧
- 语法:This practice指代前句的隐私法使用。
- It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.
- 翻译:仅仅说DeepMind开发的算法将惠及患者并挽救生命是不够的。
- 重点单词/短语:
- not enough: 不够
- algorithms: 算法
- save lives: 挽救生命
- 语法:It is…to say…形式主语结构;that引导宾语从句。
- What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources.
- 翻译:重要的是,这些算法将属于利用公共资源开发的私人垄断企业。
- 重点单词/短语:
- what matters: 重要的是
- private monopoly: 私人垄断
- public resources: 公共资源
- 语法:What引导主语从句;that引导表语从句;which引导定语从句修饰monopoly。
- If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharma has done.
- 翻译:如果软件承诺能像现在的药物那样大规模挽救生命,大数据可能会像大型制药公司那样运作。
- 重点单词/短语:
- on the scale: 在……规模上
- big pharma: 大型制药公司
- behave: 表现,运作
- 语法:If引导条件状语从句;that引导定语从句修饰scale。
- We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later.
- 翻译:我们仍处于这场革命的开端,现在的小选择可能会在未来产生巨大后果。
- 重点单词/短语:
- revolution: 革命
- turn out: 结果是
- gigantic consequences: 巨大后果
- 语法:turn out to have表示“结果具有”。
- A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.
- 翻译:需要长期斗争以避免未来的数字封建主义。
- 重点单词/短语:
- struggle: 斗争
- digital feudalism: 数字封建主义
- avoid: 避免
- 语法:to avoid作目的状语;will be needed表示将来时的被动语态。
- Ms Denham’s report is a welcome start.
- 翻译:Denham女士的报告是一个受欢迎的起点。
- 重点单词/短语:
- welcome: 受欢迎的
- start: 起点
- 语法:形容词welcome修饰start。
第三部分:题目详解
Q1. What is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?
选项:
[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.
[B] It failed to pay due attention to patients’ rights.
[C] It fell short of the latter’s expectations.
[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.
解析:根据段落1,“…which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy”,协议未充分考虑患者权利和隐私期望,因此选项[B]正确。选项[A]未提及技术巨头间的冲突;[C]仅提到隐私期望,未全面概括患者权利;[D]未提及双方陷入危险。
正确答案:B
Q2. The NHS trust responded to Denham’s verdict with
选项:
[A] empty promises
[B] tough resistance
[C] necessary adjustments
[D] sincere apologies
解析:段落2提到“The NHS trust has mended its ways”,表示NHS信托机构已改正做法,符合“必要调整”的含义,因此选项[C]正确。选项[A]空洞承诺、[B]强烈抵抗、[D]真诚道歉均无依据。
正确答案:C
Q3. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that
选项:
[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs
[B] leaking patients’ data is worse than selling it
[C] making profits from patients’ data is illegal
[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it
解析:段落2最后一句“it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value”明确指出数据价值来源于处理和聚合,因此选项[D]正确。选项[A]、[B]、[C]均无直接依据。
正确答案:D
Q4. According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal is
选项:
[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharma
[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law
[C] the uncontrolled use of new software
[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants
解析:段落4提到“What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources”和“avoid a future of digital feudalism”,表明真正的担忧是技术巨头对大数据的垄断,因此选项[D]正确。选项[A]、[B]、[C]均未准确反映核心担忧。
正确答案:D
Q5. The author’s attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is
选项:
[A] ambiguous
[B] cautious
[C] appreciative
[D] contemptuous
解析:作者在段落1认可AI在医疗领域的潜力(“The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great”),但在后续段落中对数据垄断和隐私问题表示担忧,表现出谨慎态度,因此选项[B]正确。选项[A]模棱两可、[C]赞赏、[D]鄙视均不符合作者态度。
正确答案:B
第四部分:考研单词、短语、语法、句式汇总
考研单词
- identifiable: 可识别的
- fair-minded: 公正的
- assessment: 评估
- deal: 协议
- potential: 潜力
- concentration: 集中
- tech giants: 技术巨头
- commissioner: 专员
- damning: 严厉的
- verdict: 裁决
- vague: 模糊的
- expectations: 期望
- apologize: 道歉
- mend: 改正
- scrutinize: 仔细审查
- ensure: 确保
- permission: 许可
- informed consent: 知情同意
- angle: 视角
- existing: 现行的
- control: 控制
- process: 处理
- distinction: 区分
- aggregation: 聚合
- possession: 拥有
- benefit: 受益
- analysis: 分析
- generate: 产生
- surveillance: 监控
- curb: 限制
- maladapted: 不合适的
- address: 解决
- algorithms: 算法
- monopoly: 垄断
- scale: 规模
- revolution: 革命
- gigantic: 巨大的
- consequences: 后果
- struggle: 斗争
- feudalism: 封建主义
- welcome: 受欢迎的
考研短语
- mean well: 意图良好
- applied to: 应用于
- against that background: 在这一背景下
- hand over: 移交
- on the basis of: 基于
- take account of: 考虑
- mend one’s ways: 改正做法
- concentrate the blame on: 将责任集中在
- miss the point: 忽视要点
- give value: 赋予价值
- build on: 建立在……之上
- surveillance economy: 监控经济
- gain value: 获得价值
- save lives: 挽救生命
- what matters: 重要的是
- public resources: 公共资源
- big pharma: 大型制药公司
- on the scale: 在……规模上
- turn out: 结果是
- digital feudalism: 数字封建主义
考研语法
- 强调句型:It is…that…(如“It is against that background that…”)
- 定语从句:which/that引导(如“which handed over…”)
- 宾语从句:that引导(如“acknowledging that both sides mean well”)
- 同位语从句:that引导(如“the point that it is processing…”)
- 时间状语从句:when引导(如“only when it is compared…”)
- 条件状语从句:if引导(如“If software promises…”)
- 目的状语:to ensure/to avoid(如“to ensure that all necessary permissions…”)
- 被动语态:have been asked/has been cleaned(如“all necessary permissions have been asked”)
- 形式主语:It is…to…(如“It is not enough to say…”)
- 插入语:and there may be many(如“Further arrangements – and there may be many -”)
- 比较结构:not the only…not even(如“not the only angle…not even the most important”)
考研句式
- 复杂长句:如“It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy.”
- 转折句:如“The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.”
- 因果句:如“Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it ‘controlled’ the data and DeepMind merely ‘processed’ it.”
- 递进句:如“But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.”
- 假设句:如“If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharma has done.”
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