长难句笔记

阅读理解基础——长难句核心方法论

1.主干（连词、动词、介词）

连词

①并列连词 and/or、but/yet

▲并列连词前后成分相同，词性也相同（词and词/句子and句子），且从后向前判断是词还是句子

②从属连词 W+that

a.无词义，不做成分：that if/whether

b.连接代词：who/ whom/ whose/ what/ which/ whatever/ whoever/ whichever

c.连接副词：when/ where/ why/ how/ however/ whenever/ wherever

（谓语）动词

①第一二人称+动词原形/第三人称单数

②be+Ving

③情态动词+do

④have/has/had+done

⑤be+done

▲如果有连续的连词出现，如何判断连接的是词还是句子？找到谓语动词

🌰While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.

有三个谓语动词，说明有三个句子，但是有六个连词，他们的关系是怎样的呢？

⭐While talking to you

连词while后面并非词或句，是因为被省略了，是状从省略，实际上是While your could-be employer talking to you.

所以while连接的是状语从句your could-be employer talking to you 和 your could-be employer is deciding两个句子。

意思是：当可能是你未来老板在和你谈话的时候，可能是你未来老板正在做决定。（重复主语可省略）。

状从省略条件：a.主句主语与从句主语一致（主句或从句的主语可省略） b.从句谓语中含有be（be可省略）

⭐whether you……

whether连接的是your could-be employer is deciding 和 your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you两个句子。

意思是：你的教育、你的经验和其他资格是否值得让可能是你未来的老板做决定去雇佣你。

⭐your education, your experience, and other qualifications

and并列的是三个名词，你的教育、你的经验和其他资格。

⭐him to employ you and……

and并列的是两个句子，是whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you 和 your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.表示进一步解释。

意思是：你的教育，你的经验和其他资格是否值得他雇用你，你的“商品”和能力必须以有序和合理连接的方式展示。

⭐ “wares” and abilities

and并列的是两个名词，“商品”和能力，作为后面句子的主语。

⭐orderly and reasonably

and并列的是两个副词，有序地和合理地。

▲前后连词连接的内容有可能重复，且有可能连词连接成分里又有连词，可能有包含关系

▲有多少个谓语动词就有多少个句子，且连词和谓语动词间的关系应该是n与n+1

🌰In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.

⭐where to sell your services.

W+to结构，如what to do/when to do，固定搭配表示意义，不做句子层面分析。

⭐for when you know exactly

for：作介词：为了；作连词：因为

连接上下两个句子In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly，表示因为。

意思是：你自己从一开始为工作制定蓝图时，因为当你确切地知道……

🌰You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.

⭐as you would make a blueprint of a house

as：作介词：作为；作连词：像……一样，当……时，因为，尽管

连接上下两个句子，You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house，表示像……一样。

意思是：你可以制作欲望的心理蓝图，就像制作房屋的蓝图一样。

🌰When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however far-fetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

⭐it is advisable to find out

形式主语：It is +adj/Ved+that/to+（真正主语）

⭐however/whatever+adj/adv+句子

however/whatever翻译为无论如何，都

翻译：无论如何+句子+adj/adv

介词

in on at of off with 介词引导的成分永远不做主干

▲碰到长句子先去掉介词及其引导的成分（名词）进行简化

2.非主干——句型结构

①——，S+V+O ▲abcde都作句子状语

a.状语从句

b.介词结构

c.分词结构（非谓语）

非谓语形式：Ved（被动）、Ving（主动）、to do

d.独立主格（两个句子用逗号连接，前后主语不一）

e.副词

②S,——V+O ③S+V+O,——

以上adcde都可

f.定语从句

g.名词结构

①——，S+V+O

🌰Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care,we demand everything that can possibly be done for us,even if it’s useless.

we demand everything为主干，是①和③的组合。

翻译为：由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段，即使它们不会有任何作用。

🌰Hunting for a job late last year,lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder,a job database on the Internet.

lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder为主干，是①和③的组合。

翻译为：去年年末，甘特·雷德曼律师在找工作时偶然在网上发现职业资料库“职业建筑师。

▲根据语法，翻译各个分句意思，结合语境，选择合适的关联词，连接各个分句，使得意思更加通畅

🌰But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards.

句型①，且状从主语为homework，主句主语为students，所以为独立主格。and并列两个句子。

翻译为：然而由于家庭作业占到成绩的比例不超过10%学生就能轻易逃避一半的作业，而且成绩单上几乎看不出任何差别。

②S，——+V+O

🌰Physicians,frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient，too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

句型②，主语为Physicians，and并列两个句子。

翻译为：医生因为受挫于不能治愈疾病，同时又担心病人失去希望，所以常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法，这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限。

🌰But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills , all other factors being equal,can be the difference between having a job and not.

句型①，主语为professional training might be the way to go。

翻译为：但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能是能否得到工作的关键。

③S+V+O，——

🌰Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes,combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

句型③，主语为this project

⭐errors and……

and并列的是两个词。errors 和 mistake

⭐spelling and grammar

and并列的是两个词，spelling 和 grammar

▲A，B and C→A and B，combined with C

翻译为：遗憾的是，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误和这些低层次发现变识在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑譬如读者到底想读些什么。

🌰In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems , causing heightened concerns about monopoly.

句型③，主语为railroads

翻译为：近年来，铁路公司相互联合，进而组成了超大型集团，从而引起人们对垄断行为的极大关注。

🌰In 1968,the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act，ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.

句型③，主语是the Congress of the United States

翻译为：1968年，美国国会通过了《陪审团选举与服务法案》，从而开启了陪审团制度民主改革的新纪元。

🌰When nursery colours were introduced , pink was actually considered the more masculine colour,a pastel version of red which was associated with strength.

句型③，主语为pink

翻译为：当托儿所色彩引入后，粉红色当时被认为是更有男性特征的颜色，红色的柔和版，与力量相关。